Category Overview

Voting Systems — Election Security Glossary

1,792 election security terms in the Voting Systems category, with definitions sourced from NIST, CISA, EAC, and 30+ authoritative documents.

Browse all 1,792 terms in Voting Systems

Accessibility

1. A measurable characteristic that indicates the degree to which a system is available to, and usable by, individuals with disabilities.

Medium consensus5 sources

Accuracy For Voting Systems

The "ability of the system to capture, record, store, consolidate and report the specific selections and absence of selections, made by the voter for each ballot position without…

Medium consensus3 sources

Activation Device

Programmed device that creates credentials necessary to begin a voting session using a specific ballot style.

Medium consensus3 sources

Alert Time

The "amount of time the equipment will wait for detectible voter activity after issuing an alert before going into an inactive state requiring intervention." VVSG.

Medium consensus3 sources

Audit Device

A "voting device dedicated exclusively to processes of verification and/or independent assessment of the performance of the voting system." VVSG.

Medium consensus3 sources

Active Period

The "span of time during which a either is ready to begin a VOTE-CAPTURE DEVICE VOTING or is in use in a voting session." The time during which a vote-capture device is in SESSION…

Medium consensus2 sources

Ati

Audio-Tactile Interface.

High consensus2 sources

Audit Trail For Direct Recording Equipment

Paper printout of votes cast, produced by direct-recording electronic (DRE) voting machines, which election officials may use to cross-check electronically tabulated totals.

Medium consensus2 sources

Abp

PRINTER. ACCESSIBLE BALLOT.

Medium consensus1 source

Abs

Abbreviation for ABSENTEE BALLOT SYSTEM.

Medium consensus1 source

Absent Ballot

A "ballot voted by a person who expects to be or is absent from the ABSENTEE BALLOT.

Medium consensus1 source

Absent Ballot Mailing Precinct Inspection Board

The absent ballot mailing precinct inspection board shall: 1.

Medium consensus1 source

By ESG Editorial Team · Drawing on NIST, the EAC, VVSG, IEEE, and 30+ authoritative sources on voting system design and certification

Voting systems are the machines, software, and supporting infrastructure through which voters mark, cast, and have their ballots counted. The category includes optical scanners, ballot-marking devices, direct-recording electronic (DRE) systems, hand-marked paper ballots, and the back-end systems that aggregate results from precincts and report them to the public.

Why this category matters for election security is rooted in the trust voters place in the systems that record their intent. A voting system that loses votes, that miscounts, or that allows manipulation without detection undermines the legitimacy of the entire election. Conversely, a system that is well designed, well tested, and well understood by election officials produces results that withstand scrutiny even when contested. The work of building and maintaining that trustworthiness is continuous.

Federal testing and certification programs establish a baseline. The Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG), administered by the Election Assistance Commission, define the technical and security requirements a system must meet to be used in federal elections. State testing goes further in some cases, certifying specific configurations, requiring additional documentation, or limiting the use of particular system features. Once a system is in the field, the work of securing it continues through patch management, configuration control, and pre-election logic and accuracy testing.

The terminology in this category reflects the technical and procedural landscape that voting systems inhabit. The concepts here are not optional. Every term describes a system property that has been the subject of standards, recommendations, and in some cases federal law.

Key Concepts

Voting System

The integrated hardware and software used by voters to cast ballots and by election officials to count them.

Optical Scan

A voting system that reads marked paper ballots using optical sensors and counts the marks electronically.

Ballot Marking Device

A device that allows voters to mark their choices on an electronic interface, then prints a human-readable paper ballot.

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail

A printed paper record produced simultaneously with an electronic vote, allowing the voter to confirm their choices before casting.

Cast Vote Record

The permanent record of a single vote as captured and stored by a voting system, in electronic and/or paper form.

Direct Recording Electronic

A voting system that records votes directly into electronic memory, with or without a contemporaneous paper record.

Voluntary Voting System Guidelines

The federal technical standards published by the EAC that define security, accuracy, and accessibility requirements for certified voting systems.

How These Terms Relate

These concepts together describe the technical core of how votes are cast and counted. A voting system is more than a single device. It is an integrated chain of hardware, software, and procedures that begins when a voter enters the booth and ends when results are reported. The terminology here covers that full chain. Optical scan, ballot-marking devices, DRE systems, and VVPAT each represent different points on a spectrum of automation and paper reliance. The choice between them is a policy decision shaped by jurisdiction, voter expectations, and the trade-offs between speed, accessibility, auditability, and security.