Category Overview

Voting Systems — Election Security Glossary

1,792 election security terms in the Voting Systems category, with definitions sourced from NIST, CISA, EAC, and 30+ authoritative documents.

Browse all 1,792 terms in Voting Systems

Regular Primary Election

The "election on the fourth Tuesday of June of each even-numbered year, at which candidates of political parties and nonpolitical groups are voted for nomination." Utah Code…

Medium consensus1 source

Regular Vote

A vote "cast by registered voters, except votes cast by BALLOT." Nev.

Medium consensus1 source

Reissued Ballot

A that is issued to a voter to correct an error in the printing or issuing of the original BALLOT ballot.

Medium consensus1 source

Relative Position

The order in which in a appear on the BALLOT.

Medium consensus1 source

Relevant Contest

A "CONTEST appearing in a or ballot associated with a given BALLOT STYLE REPORTING CONTEXT.

Medium consensus1 source

Reliability

The " probability that an item will perform a required function, under stated conditions, for a stated period of time ." Cal.

Medium consensus1 source

Reliably Detectable Mark

"The form of on a ballot that will be detected and counted each and every time the MARK ballot is run through a tabulating machine, irrespective of which voting target is being…

Medium consensus1 source

Reliably Ignored Mark

"The form of on a ballot that will never be detected or counted no matter when the MARK ballot is run through a tabulating machine, irrespective of which voting target is being…

Medium consensus1 source

Remaining Candidate

With respect to VOTING, "a candidate who has not been eliminated." Wash.

Medium consensus1 source

Remote Electronic Voting

Electronic voting in which voters do not physically appear at a polling place, but vote by transmitting their choices electronically to a collection point.

Medium consensus1 source

Remote Site

A location other than a jurisdiction's facility at which votes are accumulated CENTRAL COUNT and tabulated.

Medium consensus1 source

Removed Resident

A "person, who was formerly a resident of one of the counties of this State but who has, or shall have, removed to another state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the…

Medium consensus1 source

By ESG Editorial Team · Drawing on NIST, the EAC, VVSG, IEEE, and 30+ authoritative sources on voting system design and certification

Voting systems are the machines, software, and supporting infrastructure through which voters mark, cast, and have their ballots counted. The category includes optical scanners, ballot-marking devices, direct-recording electronic (DRE) systems, hand-marked paper ballots, and the back-end systems that aggregate results from precincts and report them to the public.

Why this category matters for election security is rooted in the trust voters place in the systems that record their intent. A voting system that loses votes, that miscounts, or that allows manipulation without detection undermines the legitimacy of the entire election. Conversely, a system that is well designed, well tested, and well understood by election officials produces results that withstand scrutiny even when contested. The work of building and maintaining that trustworthiness is continuous.

Federal testing and certification programs establish a baseline. The Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG), administered by the Election Assistance Commission, define the technical and security requirements a system must meet to be used in federal elections. State testing goes further in some cases, certifying specific configurations, requiring additional documentation, or limiting the use of particular system features. Once a system is in the field, the work of securing it continues through patch management, configuration control, and pre-election logic and accuracy testing.

The terminology in this category reflects the technical and procedural landscape that voting systems inhabit. The concepts here are not optional. Every term describes a system property that has been the subject of standards, recommendations, and in some cases federal law.

Key Concepts

Voting System

The integrated hardware and software used by voters to cast ballots and by election officials to count them.

Optical Scan

A voting system that reads marked paper ballots using optical sensors and counts the marks electronically.

Ballot Marking Device

A device that allows voters to mark their choices on an electronic interface, then prints a human-readable paper ballot.

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail

A printed paper record produced simultaneously with an electronic vote, allowing the voter to confirm their choices before casting.

Cast Vote Record

The permanent record of a single vote as captured and stored by a voting system, in electronic and/or paper form.

Direct Recording Electronic

A voting system that records votes directly into electronic memory, with or without a contemporaneous paper record.

Voluntary Voting System Guidelines

The federal technical standards published by the EAC that define security, accuracy, and accessibility requirements for certified voting systems.

How These Terms Relate

These concepts together describe the technical core of how votes are cast and counted. A voting system is more than a single device. It is an integrated chain of hardware, software, and procedures that begins when a voter enters the booth and ends when results are reported. The terminology here covers that full chain. Optical scan, ballot-marking devices, DRE systems, and VVPAT each represent different points on a spectrum of automation and paper reliance. The choice between them is a policy decision shaped by jurisdiction, voter expectations, and the trade-offs between speed, accessibility, auditability, and security.