Category Overview

Voting Systems — Election Security Glossary

1,792 election security terms in the Voting Systems category, with definitions sourced from NIST, CISA, EAC, and 30+ authoritative documents.

Browse all 1,792 terms in Voting Systems

Header Code Bar

(ES&S opscan) A set of marks on an optical scan ballot to identify a particular STYLE.

Medium consensus1 source

Header Sheet

A "data processing document which is coded to indicate to the computer the precinct identity of the ballots that will follow immediately and may indicate to the computer how such…

Medium consensus1 source

Help America Vote Act Of 2002

A federal statute, Public Law 107-252, now codified at 42 U.S.C.

Medium consensus1 source

Help America Vote Foundation

A federally chartered nonprofit charitable corporation established under HAVA, at 42 U.S.C.

Medium consensus1 source

Hesitation Mark

A "a small mark made by resting a pen or pencil on the ballot." Iowa Admin.

Medium consensus1 source

Hickey

A printing imperfection resulting from dirt on the press or foreign matter in the paper.

Medium consensus1 source

High Speed Central Count Marksense Ballot Tabulator

A "self-contained optical scan ballot tabulator, that uses an automatic ballot feeder to process ballots placed in the tabulator in any orientation.

Medium consensus1 source

Homeless Individual

Any "person who has a nontraditional residence, including but not limited to, a shelter, day shelter, park bench, street corner, or space under a bridge." 10 Ill.

Medium consensus1 source

Homomorphic Encryption

A special form of encryption in which the sum of two numbers can be determined even though the numbers are encrypted, and without decrypting the numbers.

Medium consensus1 source

Honesty

The property of a voting system that prevents a voter from voting more than once or changing another's vote.

Medium consensus1 source

Hospital Absentee Ballot

An "ABSENTEE provided to voters confined to a health care facility on the day of a BALLOT primary or election." Wash.

Medium consensus1 source

Hostile Fire Zone

A "geographical area in which forces are assigned on official temporary duty and placed in imminent danger of being exposed to hostile fire or explosion of hostile mines." Utah…

Medium consensus1 source

By ESG Editorial Team · Drawing on NIST, the EAC, VVSG, IEEE, and 30+ authoritative sources on voting system design and certification

Voting systems are the machines, software, and supporting infrastructure through which voters mark, cast, and have their ballots counted. The category includes optical scanners, ballot-marking devices, direct-recording electronic (DRE) systems, hand-marked paper ballots, and the back-end systems that aggregate results from precincts and report them to the public.

Why this category matters for election security is rooted in the trust voters place in the systems that record their intent. A voting system that loses votes, that miscounts, or that allows manipulation without detection undermines the legitimacy of the entire election. Conversely, a system that is well designed, well tested, and well understood by election officials produces results that withstand scrutiny even when contested. The work of building and maintaining that trustworthiness is continuous.

Federal testing and certification programs establish a baseline. The Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG), administered by the Election Assistance Commission, define the technical and security requirements a system must meet to be used in federal elections. State testing goes further in some cases, certifying specific configurations, requiring additional documentation, or limiting the use of particular system features. Once a system is in the field, the work of securing it continues through patch management, configuration control, and pre-election logic and accuracy testing.

The terminology in this category reflects the technical and procedural landscape that voting systems inhabit. The concepts here are not optional. Every term describes a system property that has been the subject of standards, recommendations, and in some cases federal law.

Key Concepts

Voting System

The integrated hardware and software used by voters to cast ballots and by election officials to count them.

Optical Scan

A voting system that reads marked paper ballots using optical sensors and counts the marks electronically.

Ballot Marking Device

A device that allows voters to mark their choices on an electronic interface, then prints a human-readable paper ballot.

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail

A printed paper record produced simultaneously with an electronic vote, allowing the voter to confirm their choices before casting.

Cast Vote Record

The permanent record of a single vote as captured and stored by a voting system, in electronic and/or paper form.

Direct Recording Electronic

A voting system that records votes directly into electronic memory, with or without a contemporaneous paper record.

Voluntary Voting System Guidelines

The federal technical standards published by the EAC that define security, accuracy, and accessibility requirements for certified voting systems.

How These Terms Relate

These concepts together describe the technical core of how votes are cast and counted. A voting system is more than a single device. It is an integrated chain of hardware, software, and procedures that begins when a voter enters the booth and ends when results are reported. The terminology here covers that full chain. Optical scan, ballot-marking devices, DRE systems, and VVPAT each represent different points on a spectrum of automation and paper reliance. The choice between them is a policy decision shaped by jurisdiction, voter expectations, and the trade-offs between speed, accessibility, auditability, and security.