Category Overview

Voting Systems — Election Security Glossary

1,792 election security terms in the Voting Systems category, with definitions sourced from NIST, CISA, EAC, and 30+ authoritative documents.

Browse all 1,792 terms in Voting Systems

Protest

A "complaint concerning the conduct of an election which, if supported by sufficient evidence, may require remedy by one or more of the following: a.

Medium consensus1 source

Provisional Absentee Voter

An who is required to provide identification so that her eligibility to vote ABSENTEE VOTER can be determined later and her ballot excluded from counting if she is not eligible.

Medium consensus1 source

Provisional Certification

An interim of a voting system pending the opportunity for a full examination CERTIFICATION or waiver of examination.

Medium consensus1 source

Provisional Party

A "political organization which has filed a legally valid petition to be recognized as a party].

Medium consensus1 source

Provisional Challenged Ballot

A term that includes both and BALLOTS.

Medium consensus1 source

Provisionally Registered Elector

An "individual whose application for voter registration was accepted but whose eligibility has not yet been verified as provided by law." Mont.

Medium consensus1 source

Public Accuracy Test

A "public test conducted prior to election day for the purpose of demonstrating the accuracy of the computer program and voting system which will be used to count the ballots and…

Medium consensus1 source

Public Counter

Cf. COUNTER. PROTECTIVE.

Medium consensus1 source

Public Hearing

"After the delivery of the examiners' reports and before the determination of whether the voting system or voting system equipment for which an application has been submitted…

Medium consensus1 source

Public Information Package

A package of information releasable to the public concerning the testing and certification of a voting system.

Medium consensus1 source

Public Network Dre

A form of DRE voting system that uses electronic ballots and transmits official vote data from the polling place to another location (such as a central count facility) over a…

Medium consensus1 source

Public Question

QUESTION. Any "question, proposition or referendum required by the legislative or governing body of this State or any of its political subdivisions to be submitted by referendum…

Medium consensus1 source

By ESG Editorial Team · Drawing on NIST, the EAC, VVSG, IEEE, and 30+ authoritative sources on voting system design and certification

Voting systems are the machines, software, and supporting infrastructure through which voters mark, cast, and have their ballots counted. The category includes optical scanners, ballot-marking devices, direct-recording electronic (DRE) systems, hand-marked paper ballots, and the back-end systems that aggregate results from precincts and report them to the public.

Why this category matters for election security is rooted in the trust voters place in the systems that record their intent. A voting system that loses votes, that miscounts, or that allows manipulation without detection undermines the legitimacy of the entire election. Conversely, a system that is well designed, well tested, and well understood by election officials produces results that withstand scrutiny even when contested. The work of building and maintaining that trustworthiness is continuous.

Federal testing and certification programs establish a baseline. The Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG), administered by the Election Assistance Commission, define the technical and security requirements a system must meet to be used in federal elections. State testing goes further in some cases, certifying specific configurations, requiring additional documentation, or limiting the use of particular system features. Once a system is in the field, the work of securing it continues through patch management, configuration control, and pre-election logic and accuracy testing.

The terminology in this category reflects the technical and procedural landscape that voting systems inhabit. The concepts here are not optional. Every term describes a system property that has been the subject of standards, recommendations, and in some cases federal law.

Key Concepts

Voting System

The integrated hardware and software used by voters to cast ballots and by election officials to count them.

Optical Scan

A voting system that reads marked paper ballots using optical sensors and counts the marks electronically.

Ballot Marking Device

A device that allows voters to mark their choices on an electronic interface, then prints a human-readable paper ballot.

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail

A printed paper record produced simultaneously with an electronic vote, allowing the voter to confirm their choices before casting.

Cast Vote Record

The permanent record of a single vote as captured and stored by a voting system, in electronic and/or paper form.

Direct Recording Electronic

A voting system that records votes directly into electronic memory, with or without a contemporaneous paper record.

Voluntary Voting System Guidelines

The federal technical standards published by the EAC that define security, accuracy, and accessibility requirements for certified voting systems.

How These Terms Relate

These concepts together describe the technical core of how votes are cast and counted. A voting system is more than a single device. It is an integrated chain of hardware, software, and procedures that begins when a voter enters the booth and ends when results are reported. The terminology here covers that full chain. Optical scan, ballot-marking devices, DRE systems, and VVPAT each represent different points on a spectrum of automation and paper reliance. The choice between them is a policy decision shaped by jurisdiction, voter expectations, and the trade-offs between speed, accessibility, auditability, and security.